A Pilot Study of the Intersection of COVID 19 and Activist Mental Health
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33043/JSACP.15.1.32-50Keywords:
young adults, activists, COVID-19, mental health, qualitativeAbstract
Recent tensions in society have led to protests and demonstrations to raise awareness and consciousness ultimately for change. These efforts can be draining. Domestic increases in youth activism has illustrated transformative community action as well as the need to determine themes related to activist sustainability and mental health. Therefore, a phenomenological study was conducted to explore Millennial and Generation Z activist mental health perceptions and engagement during times of protest including COVID-19. The voice of seven youth activists regarding their experience with concurrent activism and mental health maintenance were explored. Themes derived from interviews with these young adult activists about their mental health behaviors, included: wellness maintenance, mindset, and technology. Intentions of youth activists to participate in integrated care were discussed. Implications and suggestions for counselors and helping professions are provided.
Downloads
References
Abel, T., & McQueen, D. (2020). Critical health literacy and the COVID-19 crisis. Health Promotion International, 35(6), 1612–1613. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daaa040
Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. Action Control, 11–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Ballard, P. J. (2014). What motivates youth civic involvement? Journal of Adolescent Research, 29(4), 439–463. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558413520224
Ballard, P. J., Hoyt, L. T., & Pachucki, M. C. (2019). Impacts of adolescent and young adult civic engagement on health and socioeconomic status in adulthood. Child Development,90(4), 1138–1154. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12998
Ballard, P. J., Ni, X., & Brocato, N. (2020). Political engagement and wellbeing among college students. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 71, 101209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101209
Ballard, P. J., & Ozer, E. J. (2016). The implications of youth activism for health and well-being. In J Conner & S.M. Rosen (Eds.). Contemporary Youth Activism: Advancing Social Justice in the United States (pp. 223- 244). Praeger.
Bathje, G. J., Kim, E., Rau, E., Bassiouny, M. A., & Kim, T. (2014). Attitudes toward face-to-face and online counseling: Roles of self concealment, openness to experience, loss of face, stigma, and disclosure expectations among Korean college students. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 36, 408–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-014-9215-2
Buchanan, L., Bui, Q., & Patel, J. K. (2020, July 3). Black Lives Matter may be the largest movement in United States history. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html.
Campbell, F., & Valera, P. (2020). “The only thing new is the cameras”: A study of U.S. college students’ perceptions of police violence on social media. Journal of Black Studies, 51(7), 654–670. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934720935600
Center for Disease Control. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): How to protect yourself & others. United States Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html
Chen, C. W., & Gorski, P. C. (2015). Burnout in social justice and human rights activists: Symptoms, causes and implications. Journal of Human Rights Practice, 7(3), 366–390. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huv011
Cheng, H.-L., Wang, C., McDermott, R. C., Kridel, M., & Rislin, J. L. (2018). Self-stigma, mental health literacy, and attitudes toward seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling & Development, 96(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12178
Christens, B. D., & Peterson, N. A. (2012). The role of empowerment in youth development: A study of sociopolitical control as mediator of ecological systems’ influence on developmental outcomes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41, 623–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-011-9724-9
Cobbina, J., LaCourse, A., Brooke, E. J., & Chaudhuri, S. (2021). Protesting during a pandemic: Narratives on risk taking and motivation to participating in the 2020 march on Washington. Crime & Delinquency, 67(8), 1195–1220. https//doi.org/10.1177/0011128721999333
Cohen K. A., Graham, A. K., & Lattie, E. G., (2020). Aligning students and counseling centers on student mental health needs and treatment resources. Journal of American College Health 70(3), 724-732. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1762611
Cole, D. A., Nick, E. A., Zelkowitz, R. L., Roeder, K. M., & Spinelli, T. (2017). Online social support for young people: Does it recapitulate in-person social support; can it help? Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 456–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.058
Conner, J., & Rosen, S. M. (2016). Contemporary youth activism: Advancing social justice in the United States. Praeger.
Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist, 59(7), 614. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. SAGE Publications.
Cronin, J., Mao, Y., & Menchen-Trevino, E. (2022). Connecting during a government shutdown: Networked care and the temporal aspects of social media activism. Social Media + Society, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211069054
Crowe, A., Mullen, P. R., & Littlewood, K. (2018). Self-stigma, mental health literacy, and health outcomes in integrated care. Journal of Counseling & Development, 96, 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12201
Curtis, R., & Christian, E. (Eds.) (2012). Integrated Care: Applying Theory to Practice. Routledge.
Dhir, A., Yossatorn, Y., Kaur, P., & Chen, S. (2018). Online social media fatigue and psychological wellbeing: A study of compulsive use, fear of missing out, fatigue, anxiety, and depression. International Journal of Information Management, 40, 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.01.012
Driscoll, D. (2020). When ignoring the news and going hiking can help you save the world: Environmental activist strategies for persistence. Sociological Forum, 35(1), 189–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12573
Eisenberg, D., Downs, M. F., Golberstein, E., & Zivin, K. (2009). Stigma and help seeking for mental health among college students. Medical Care Research and Review, 66(5), 522–541. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558709335173
Eisenberg, D., Hunt, J., & Speer, N. (2012). Help seeking for mental health on college campuses: Review of evidence and next steps for research and practice. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 20(4), 222–232. https://doi.org/10.3109/10673229.2012.712839
Flegenheimer, M. (2020, June 6). Young protesters say voting isn't enough. Will they do it anyway? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/06/us/politics/protests-voting.html
Galovski, T. E., Peterson, Z. D., Beagley, M. C., Strasshofer, D. R., Held, P., & Fletcher, T. D. (2016). Exposure to violence during Ferguson protests: Mental health effects for law enforcement and community members. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29(4), 283–292. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22105
Gorski, P. C. (2015). Relieving burnout and the “martyr syndrome” among social justice education activists: The implications and effects of mindfulness. The Urban Review, 47(4), 696–716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-015-0330-0
Gorski, P. C., & Erakat, N. (2019). Racism, whiteness, and burnout in antiracism movements: How White racial justice activists elevate burnout in racial justice activists of color in the United States. Ethnicities, 19(5), 784–808. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796819833871
Gorski, P. C. (2018). Racial battle fatigue and activist burnout in racial justice activists of color at predominantly White colleges and universities. Race Ethnicity and Education, 22(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2018.1497966
Gorski, P. C. (2019). Fighting racism, battling burnout: Causes of activist burnout in US racial justice activists. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 42(5), 667–687. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2018.1439981
Hadler, N. L., Bu, P., Winkler, A., & Alexander, A. W. (2021). College student perspectives of telemental health: A review of the recent literature. Current Psychiatry Reports, 23(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-020-01215-7
Hays, D. G., & Singh, A. (2012). Qualitative inquiry in clinical and education settings. Guilford Press.
Hays, D. G., Wood, C., Dahl, H., & Kirk-Jenkins, A. (2016). Methodological rigor in Journal of Counseling & Development qualitative research articles: A 15-year review. Journal of Counseling & Development, 94(2), 172–183. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12074
Hope, E. C., & Spencer, M. B. (2017). Civic engagement as an adaptive coping response to conditions of inequality: An application of phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory (PVEST). In N. Cabrera & B. Leyendecker (Eds.), Handbook on Positive Development of Minority Children and Youth (pp. 421–425). Springer.
Jew, G., & Tran, A. G. (2020). Understanding activist intentions: An extension of the theory of planned behavior. Current Psychology, 41, 4885–4897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00986-9
Joyce, A. W., Ross, M. J., Vander Wal, J. S., & Austin, C. C. (2009). College students' preferences for psychotherapy across depression, anxiety, relationship, and academic problems. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 23(3), 212-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/87568220902794150
Kaplan, D. M. (2014). Ethical implications of a critical legal case for the counseling profession: Ward v. Wilbanks. Journal of Counseling & Development, 92(2), 142–146. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00140.x
Kauer, S. D., Mangan, C., & Sanci, L. (2014). Do online mental health services improve help-seeking for young people? A systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(3), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.3103
Kutlaca, M., van Zomeren, M., & Epstude, K. (2020). Friends or foes? How activists and nonactivists perceive and evaluate each other. PLOS ONE, 15(4), e0230918. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230918
Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (Eds.). (2009). InterViews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing. Sage Publications.
Lee, Collin B. (2014). Why activists seek psychotherapy. (Publication No. 775) [Master’s thesis, Smith College]. Smith ScholarWorks. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses/775
Lee, K. M. Y., Lee, J. C. K., Ma, A. T. H., & Cheung, L. T. O. (2019). Does human rights awareness spur environmental activism? Hong Kong’s “country park” controversy. Land Use Policy, 87, 104033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104033
Lenhart, A., Purcell, K., Smith, A., & Zickuhr, K. (2010). Social media & mobile internet use among teens and young adults. Millennials. Pew Internet & American Life Project. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED525056.pdf
Lenz, A. S., Dell’Aquila, J., & Balkin, R. S. (2018). Effectiveness of integrated primary and behavioral healthcare. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 40(3), 249–265. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.40.3.06
Levitt, H. M., Morrill, Z., Collins, K. M., & Rizo, J. L. (2021). The methodological integrity of critical qualitative research: Principles to support design and research review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 68(3), 357–370. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000523
Lincoln, Y., & Guba, E. (1986). But is it rigorous? Trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation. In D. Williams (Ed.). Naturalistic evaluation (pp. 73-84). Jossey-Bass.
Lungu, A., & Sun, M., (2016). Time for a change: college students’ preference for technology-mediated versus face-to-face help for emotional distress. Telemedicine and E Health, 22(12), 991–1000. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2015.0214
Malin, H., Ballard, P.J., & Damon, W. (2015). Civic purpose: An integrated construct for understanding civic development in adolescence. Human Development, 58(2), 103–130. https://doi.org/10.1159/000381655
Maslach, C., & Gomes, M. E. (2006). Overcoming burnout. In R. M. MacNair (Ed.), Working for peace: A Handbook of Practical Psychology and Other Tools (2nd ed., pp. 43–49). Impact Publishers.
Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2010). Designing Qualitative Research (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
McLeod, J. (2011). Qualitative Research in Counseling and Psychotherapy (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
Mizock, L., & Page, K. V. (2016). Evaluating the ally role: Contributions, limitations, and the activist position in counseling and psychology. Journal for Social Action in Counseling & Psychology, 8(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.33043/jsacp.8.1.17-33
Moustakas, C. (1995). Phenomenological Research Methods. Sage Publications.
Myers, J. E., & Sweeney, T. J. (2006). Counseling for wellness: Theory, research, and practice. Response to Charyton. [Response to review of the edited book Counseling for wellness: Theory, research, and practice by J. E. Myers & T. J. Sweeney]. PsychCritiques. http://libres.uncg. edu/ir/uncg/f/J_Myers_Counseling_2006.pdf
Nah, A. M. (2020). Navigating mental and emotional wellbeing in risky forms of human rights activism. Social Movement Studies, 20(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2019.1709432
Nepstad, S. E. (2004). Persistent resistance: Commitment and community in the plowshares movement. Social Problems, 51(1), 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2004.51.1.43
Norfleet, K. R., Ratzliff, A. D. H., Chan, Y. F., Raney, L. E., & Unützer, J. (2016). The role of the integrated care psychiatrist in community settings: A survey of psychiatrists’ perspectives. Psychiatric Services, 67(3), 346–349. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400592
Oosterhoff, B., Palmer, C., Wilson, J., & Shook, N. (2020). Adolescents’ motivations to engage in social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic: Associations with mental and social health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(2), 179-185. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jd2kq
Otter.ai. (2022). Otter.ai [Computer software]. https://otter.ai/.
Padilla-Díaz, M. (2015). Phenomenology in educational qualitative research: Philosophy as science or philosophical science? International Journal of Educational Excellence, 1(2), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.18562/ijee.2015.0009
Ratts, M. J., Singh, A. A., Nassar-McMillan, S., Butler, S. K., & McCullough, J. R. (2016). Multicultural and social justice counseling competencies: Guidelines for the counseling profession. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 44(1), 28–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12035
Rettig, H. (2006). The lifelong activist: How to change the world without losing your way. Lantern Books. http://lifelongactivist.com.
Santos, C. E., & VanDaalen, R. A. (2018). Associations among psychological distress, high-risk activism, and conflict between ethnic-racial and sexual minority identities in lesbian, gay, bisexual racial/ethnic minority adults. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(2), 194–203. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000241
Shin, J. H., Yoon, J. D., Rasinski, K. A., Koenig, H. G., Meador, K. G., & Curlin, F. A. (2012). A spiritual problem? Primary care physicians’ and psychiatrists’ interpretations of medically unexplained symptoms. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 28(3), 392–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-012-2224-0
Saltzman, L. Y., Hansel, T. C., & Bordnick, P. S. (2020). Loneliness, isolation, and social support factors in post-COVID-19 mental health. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S55–S57. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000703
Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative content analysis in practice. Sage Publications.
Strauss Swanson, C., & Szymanski, D. M. (2020). From pain to power: An exploration of activism, the #Metoo movement, and healing from sexual assault trauma. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 67(6), 653–668. https://doi.org/doi:10.1037/cou0000429
Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2012). Counseling the Culturally Diverse: Theory and practice. Wiley.
Thielke, S., Vannoy, S., & Unutzer, J. (2007). Integrating mental health and primary care. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, 34(3), 571-592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2007.05.007
Usher, K., & Jackson, D. (2014). Qualitative Methodology: A Practical Guide. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10/9781473920163
Vannucci, A., Flannery, K. M., & Ohannessian, C. M. (2017). Social media use and anxiety in merging adults. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 163–166 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.040
Vaccaro, A., & Mena, J. (2011). It's not burnout, it's more: Queer college activists of color and mental health. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 15(4), 339–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/1959705.2011.600656
Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G., & Haake, S. (2006). Measuring the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(3), 325–337. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.325
Vogel, D. L., Wade, N., & Hackler, S. (2007). Perceived public stigma and the willingness to seek counseling: The mediating role of self-stigma and attitudes toward counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(1), 40-50. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.40
Wray-Lake, L., Shubert, J., Lin, L., & Starr, L. R. (2017). Examining associations between civic engagement and depressive symptoms from adolescence to young adulthood in a national U.S. sample. Applied Developmental Science, 23(2), 119–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2017.1326825
Wright, G., Herbert, L., Hilaire, B., & Campbell, L.O (2021). Unemployment during COVID-19: Exploring perspectives of unemployment among minimal resource communities. The Career Development Quarterly, 69(4), 299-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12275
World Health Organization (2007). Integrating mental health services into primary health care[Fact sheet]. . Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization. https://www.mhinnovation.net/sites/default/files/files/3_MHintoPHC_Infosheet%5B1%5D.pdf
World Health Organization (2018). Mental health: Strengthening our response. Fact sheet. Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response.
World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation (Report No. 84). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/situation-report---84
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Lea Herbert, Laurie Campbell, Breahannah Hilaire, Galaxina Wright
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
By submitting to JSACP, the author(s) agree to the terms of the Author Agreement. Beginning in 2018, all authors retain copyrights associated with their article contributions and agree to make such contributions available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license upon publication in JSACP. Copyrights to articles published prior to 2018 have been transferred from the authors to JSACP.